Sodium

Routine annual

also na

What it isSodium is the principal positively charged ion in extracellular fluid. The kidneys, working under the direction of aldosterone, ADH, and the brain's thirst centers, defend its concentration within tight limits.

DoesSets extracellular osmolality, drives fluid balance, supports nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

GoodMid-range sodium signals balanced hydration and intact hormonal regulation.

BadLow sodium (hyponatremia) reflects water excess relative to sodium and can cause confusion, seizures, and death if severe. High sodium reflects water deficit, common with dehydration in older adults.

Standard

135–146 mEq/L.

Optimal

138–142 mEq/L (narrow target)

Modifiers

Tightly regulated; abnormalities usually reflect water balance more than sodium intake.

How to optimize

Lifestyle: Adequate hydration without excess (avoid sports drink/water overload during endurance events).
Diet: Moderate salt — not extreme low or high; consider electrolyte balance with potassium.
Supplements: Electrolyte mixes during intense or hot exercise.
Peptides: —
Drugs: Treat underlying cause; vaptans for SIADH; correct slowly.

within Minerals