Copper

Specialist

also cu

What it isCopper is a trace mineral essential for iron metabolism, energy production, and connective tissue. It travels in blood mostly bound to ceruloplasmin.

DoesDrives oxidative metabolism, iron mobilization, collagen and elastin cross-linking, and brain neurotransmitter synthesis.

GoodMid-range copper with balanced zinc supports iron metabolism, tissue integrity, and neurotransmitter.

BadHigh copper relative to zinc is pro-inflammatory and tracks anxiety and oxidative stress. Low copper causes anemia, neuropathy, and reduced immune. Common with high-dose zinc supplementation or after bariatric surgery.

Standard

70–175 µg/dL.

Optimal

90–130 µg/dL (narrow target); Zn:Cu ratio 0.7–1.0

Modifiers

Rises with estrogen (oral contraceptives, pregnancy); falls with high zinc.

How to optimize

Lifestyle: —
Diet: Oysters, organ meats, dark chocolate, cashews, sesame seeds, mushrooms.
Supplements: Copper (2mg/day) when supplementing zinc long-term; GHK-Cu peptide provides bioavailable copper.
Peptides: GHK-Cu (topical or injectable).
Drugs: Chelators (penicillamine) for Wilson's disease.

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