Bicarbonate / CO2

Routine annual

also hco3, total co2

What it isBicarbonate is the body's main extracellular buffer. The kidneys regulate it to maintain blood pH within a tight range.

DoesNeutralizes metabolic acids; works with the lungs to maintain acid-base balance.

GoodMid-range bicarbonate signals balanced acid-base physiology.

BadLow bicarbonate indicates metabolic acidosis — chronic kidney disease, diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis. High bicarbonate indicates metabolic alkalosis from vomiting, diuretics, or chronic respiratory compensation.

Standard

20–32 mEq/L.

Optimal

24–28 mEq/L (narrow target)

Modifiers

Falls in metabolic acidosis; rises with vomiting and diuretic use.

How to optimize

Lifestyle: —
Diet: Vegetables and fruit support alkaline reserve; excessive protein generates acid load.
Supplements: Sodium bicarbonate occasionally used in chronic kidney disease.
Peptides: —
Drugs: Treat underlying cause; bicarbonate or citrate supplementation in CKD acidosis.

within Minerals